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Income taxation, tuition subsidies, and choice of occupation
(Discussion Papers;No. 459, Working paper, 2006)Abstract: Differentiated tax rates on labor and capital income are found to be optimal in this study, where agents choose occupation based on lifetime income net of tuition costs. Efficient revenue raising in a case ... -
Incomes policies and the Norwegian economy 1973-93
(Discussion Papers;No. 192, Working paper, 1997)During the second half of the 1970s there was massive government interference in wage and price formation in Norway. Incomes policies changed in the first half of the 1980s - the hey days of "dynamic tax policies" in Norway ... -
Increased price markup from union coordination : OECD panel evidence
(Discussion Papers;No. 470, Working paper, 2006)Abstract: Existing literature have focused on the influence of institutional factors on wage determination when explaining the prolonged cross-country differences in unemployment. Although coordination of wage bargaining ... -
Increasingly stable or more stressful? Children and union dissolution across four decades: Evidence from Norway
(Discussion papers;814, Working paper, 2015-07)This study describes the association between having children and the risk of union disruption, and whether this association has changed over time. We expand upon previous research by including data on cohabiting as well ... -
Indirect inference methods for stochastic volatility models based on non-Gaussian Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes
(Discussion Papers;601, Working paper, 2009)This paper aims to develop new methods for statistical inference in a class of stochastic volatility models for financial data based on non-Gaussian Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) processes. Our approach uses indirect inference ... -
Indirect social sanctions from monetarily unaffected strangers in a public good game
(Discussion Papers;No. 359, Working paper, 2003)Abstract: Several economists have maintained that social sanctions can enforce cooperation in public good situations. This experimental study investigates whether indirect social sanctions from monetarily unaffected ... -
Individual heterogeneity and price responses in tobacco consumption : a two-commodity analysis of unbalanced panel data
(Discussion Papers;No. 294, Working paper, 2001)Abstract: The paper presents a panel data analysis of tobacco demand. The purpose is threefold: (i) to measure income, own-price, and cross-price responses for two tobacco commodities: cigarettes and handrolling tobacco, ... -
Industrial competitiveness and diffusion of new pollution abatement technology – a new look at the Porter-hypothesis
(Discussion Papers;No. 371, Working paper, 2004)We study the relationship between industrial competitiveness, adaption of cleaner production techniques and environmental policy. While other contributions have analyzed environmental innovations with point of departure ... -
Industrial labor productivities and tariffs in South Africa : identification based on multilateral liberalization reform
(Discussion Papers;585, Working paper, 2009)The analysis of the effect of tariffs for labor productivity faces the challenge of tariff policy endogeneity. Tariff policy is designed to promote economic development and the industrial sector tariff structure may reflect ... -
Industry restructuring, OPEC response – and oil price formation
(Discussion Papers;No. 511, Working paper, 2007)Abstract: Increased focus on shareholder returns, capital discipline and return on capital employed (RoACE) caused a slowdown in investment rates and production growth among international oil companies around the turn of ... -
Inequality and growth in the very long run: Inferring inequality from data on social groups
(Discussion papers;734, Working paper, 2013-02)This paper presents a new method for calculating Gini coefficients from tabulations of the mean income of social classes. Income distribution data from before the Industrial Revolution usually come in the form of such ... -
The inequality effects of a dual income tax system
(Discussion Papers;No. 663, Working paper, 2011)Abstract: The overall inequality effects of a dual income tax (DIT) system, combining progressive taxation of labor income with proportional taxation of income from capital, are investigated. Simple examples show that ... -
Inequality in current and lifetime income
(Discussion papers;726, Working paper, 2012-12)Standard theory of intertemporal choice predicts that people smooth out life-cycle changes in income by borrowing and saving, such that their standard of living in any given year depends more on lifetime income than on ... -
Inequality in distributions of hours of work and consumption in Peru
(Discussion Paper;No. 59, Working paper, 1991-02)Firstly, this paper examines the relative differences in observed hours of work, consumption (income) and welfare among individuals and households in Peru in 1985-1986. For this purpose a Gini-related measure of inequality ... -
Inflow uncertainty in hydropower markets
(Discussion Papers;No. 520, Working paper, 2007)Abstract: In order to analyse the consequences of uncertainty for prices and efficiency in a hydropower system, we apply a two-period model with uncertainty in water inflow. We study three different market structures, ... -
Initiation into crime : an analysis of Norwegian register data on five birth cohorts
(Discussion Papers;No. 655, Working paper, 2011)Abstract: We construct linked register data on five Norwegian birth cohorts, covering: criminal charges after age 15; family characteristics and history up to age 15; and (for males) IQ test scores. A longitudinal analysis ... -
Innovation and job creation in a small open economy: evidence from Norwegian manufacturing plants 1982-92
(Discussion papers;159, Working paper, 1995-12)It is often claimed that the opportunities to create new manufacturing jobs in open, high-cost economies such as Norway, are concentrated in products which are technologically advanced and knowledge intensive. This paper ... -
Innovative and absorptive capacity effects of education in a small open economy
(Discussion papers;694, Working paper, 2012-06)Evidence points to relatively low supply elasticities for workers skilled for research and development (R&D), which can hamper innovation and growth. Increasing the supply of R&D skills will expand an economy's innovative ... -
Intergenerational mobility in Norway, 1865-2011
(Discussion papers;798, Working paper, 2015-02)There are large differences in intergenerational mobility between countries. However, little is known about how persistent such differences are, and how they evolve over time. This paper constructs a data set of 835,537 ... -
Internal labor markets: A worker flow approach
(Discussion Paper;No. 961, Working paper, 2021-08)This paper develops a new method to study how workers’ career and wage profiles are shaped by internal labor markets (ILM) and job hierarchies in firms. Our paper tackles the conceptual challenge of organizing jobs within ...