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A european equivalence scale for public in-kind transfers
(Discussion Paper;No. 977, Working paper, 2022-05)This paper introduces a theory-based equivalence scale for public in-kind transfers, which justifies comparison of distributions of extended income (cash income plus the value of public services) between European countries. ... -
Evaluating alternative basic income mechanisms : a simulation for European countries
(Discussion Papers; 578, Working paper, 2009)We develop and estimate a microeconometric model of household labour supply in five European countries representative of different economies and welfare policy regimes: Denmark, Italy, Norway, Portugal and United Kingdom. ... -
Evaluating alternative representations of the choice sets in models of labour supply
(Discussion Papers;No. 449, Working paper, 2006)Abstract: During the last two decades, the discrete-choice modelling of labour supply decisions has become increasingly popular, starting with Aaberge et al. (1995) and van Soest (1995). Within the literature adopting ... -
Evaluating multilateral price indices in a dynamic item universe
(Discussion papers;914, Working paper, 2019-09)Statistics Norway has a long history of using scanner data in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The early research – in Norway as well as internationally – was focused on supermarket data which consists largely of stable ... -
Evaluating the redistributional effects of tax policy changes: with an application to the 2006 Norwegian tax reform
(Discussion Papers;No. 648, Working paper, 2011)Abstract: An evaluation strategy is presented for answering the question is the tax schedule more redistributive after a reform than prior to a reform? The proposed procedure builds upon addressing measures of tax ... -
Evaluation of the Norwegian R&D tax credit scheme
(Discussion Papers;640, Working paper, 2010)We find that the Norwegian R&D tax credit scheme introduced in 2002 mainly works as intended. The scheme is cost-effective and it is used by a large number of firms. It stimulates these firms to invest more in R&D, and, ... -
An exact additive decomposition of the weighted arithmetic mean*
(Discussion Paper;No. 944, Working paper, 2021-09)The weighted arithmetic mean is used in a wide variety of applications. An infinite number of possible decompositions of the weighted mean are available, and it is therefore an open question which of the possible decompositions ... -
Exact and inexact decompositions of international price indices
(Discussion Papers;No. 868, Working paper, 2017-10-09)Decompositions of international price indices are usually inexact in the sense that the underlying aggregator formula is not exactly reproduced. In this paper, we compare analytically the exact and inexact decompositions ... -
Exchange rate pass-through in a Small Open Economy
(Discussion Papers;No. 429, Working paper, 2005)Abstract: Several small open economies switched to inflation targeting during the 1990s, thereby giving up various forms of exchange rate targeting in favour of flexible exchange rates. Norway did the same early in 2001, ... -
Exchange rate volatility and export performance : a cointegrated VAR approach
(Discussion Papers;No. 522, Working paper, 2007)Abstract: During the last decades Norwegian exporters have ƒ{ despite various forms of exchange rate targeting ƒ{ faced a rather volatile exchange rate which may have influenced their behaviour. Recently, the shift to ... -
Exit dynamics of start-up firms. Does profit matter?
(Discussion papers;706, Working paper, 2012-10)While little attention has been paid to the role of profitability in the empirical literature on firm exit, we employ a detailed recently established database of Norwegian manufacturing firms to identify the extent to which ... -
Exit dynamics with adjustment costs
(Discussion Papers;No. 442, Working paper, 2005)Abstract: We use the Stock and Wise approximation of stochastic dynamic programming in order to identify the extent to which profitability can explain exit behavior. In our econometric model, heterogeneous firms engage ... -
Exit dynamics with rational expectations
(Discussion Papers;No. 291, Working paper, 2000)Abstract: We develop an econometric model for firm exit, using stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) as a starting point. According to SDP, the value of an operating firm can be written as the sum of (i) the net present ... -
Expectations in export price formation tests using cointegrated VAR models
(Discussion Papers;No. 283, Working paper, 2000)The formation of export prices is an area in which the linear quadratic adjustment cost (LQAC) model under rational expectations may be relevant in practice. This paper evaluates the empirical performance of the LQAC-model ... -
Expectations, substitution, and scrapping in a putty clay model
(Discussion Papers;No. 17, Working paper, 1986-08-15)The paper presents a putty-clay framework for analyzing the effect of changing expectations about future prices on a firm's choice of technique, and on its anticipated scrapping of capital equipment. Particular attention ... -
Expected service lives and depreciation profiles for capital assets. Evidence based on a survey of Norwegian firms
(Discussion Papers;No. 840, Working paper, 2016-05-12)In the Norwegian national accounts, as in many other countries, it is quite common to use information on depreciation rates and profiles based on studies from the US, Canada and the Netherlands due to a lack of national ... -
Experience and schooling : substitutes or complements?
(Discussion Papers;No. 301, Working paper, 2001)Abstract: This paper investigates whether returns to experience and seniority vary between workers with different levels of education and between different types of firms. Using a large administrative dataset for Norwegian ... -
Explaining experience curves for LNG liquefaction costs: Competition matter more than learning
(Discussion Papers;No. 393, Working paper, 2004)Abstract: In this paper we seek to identify different driving forces behind the fall in LNG liquefaction unit costs. Our focus is on organizational learning including process specific R&D, but we also seek to account for ... -
Explaining residential clustering of fertility
(Discussion Paper;No. 939, Working paper, 2020-10)Numerous studies have shown that fertility behavior is spatially clustered. In addition to pure context effects, two causal mechanisms could drive this pattern. First, neighbors may influence each other’s fertility behavior, ... -
Explaining the change in skill structure of labour demand in Norwegian manufacturing
(Discussion Papers;No. 293, Working paper, 2000)Abstract: In most OECD-countries, labour demand has shifted from unskilled to skilled over time. Many analyses of this phenomenon focus on either the effect of technical change, capital-skill complementarity or labour-labour ...