Blar i Discussion Papers på forfatter "Holtsmark, Bjart"

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    • A comparison of the global warming effects of wood fuels and fossil fuels taking albedo into account 

      Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion papers;778, Working paper, 2014-04)
      Traditionally, wood fuels, like other bioenergy sources, have been considered carbon neutral because the amount of CO2 released can be offset by CO2 sequestration due to the regrowth of the biomass. Thus, until recently, ...

    • Cap-and-Trade or carbon taxes? The feasibility of enforcement and the effects of non-compliance 

      Hovi, Jon; Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;No. 436, Working paper, 2005)
      Abstract: One of the proposed alternatives to Kyoto’s cap-and-trade approach is a regime based on an internationally harmonized carbon tax. In this paper, we consider and compare the enforcement problems associated with ...

    • Carbon dynamics related to tree planting on new areas in Norway 

      Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;No. 848, Working paper, 2016-11-08)
      Extensive tree planting on new areas has been suggested as a climate policy measure in Norway. This paper presents some preliminary calculations related to carbon dynamics of such a measure when the tree planting takes ...

    • Consumer Demand in a General Equilibrium Model for Environmental Analysis 

      Aasness, Jørgen; Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion papers;105, Working paper, 1993-12)
      The system of consumer demand functions for the 22 consumption goods in the general equilibrium model MSG-EE is presented. The consumer model has the following specific features. (i) It is based on a three level utility ...

    • Does the clean development mechanism have a viable future? 

      Hagem, Cathrine; Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;577, Working paper, 2009)
      The developed countries can meet part of their Kyoto commitments by investing in emission-reducing projects in developing countries (the Clean Development Mechanism, CDM). Since the developing countries have so far not ...

    • Faustmann and the Climate 

      Hoel, Michael; Holtsmark, Bjart; Holtsmark, Katinka (Discussion papers;701, Working paper, 2012-08)
      This paper presents an adjusted Faustmann Rule for optimal harvest of a forest in the presence of a social cost of carbon emissions. A contribution of the paper is to do this within theoretical and numerical frameworks ...

    • Global per capita CO2 emissions - stable in the long run? 

      Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;No. 438, Working paper, 2005)
      Abstract: Global per capita CO2 emissions have been relatively stable during the last decades. It has been suggested that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and its scenario makers have ignored this ...

    • Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol without Russian participation 

      Holtsmark, Bjart; Alfsen, Knut H. (Discussion Papers;No. 376, Working paper, 2004)
      Abstract: All Annex B parties but Russia, Australia and USA, have ratified the Kyoto Protocol so far. It is still an open question whether Russia will ratify and secure that the Protocol enters into force. This ...

    • International emissions trading in a non-cooperative equilibrium 

      Holtsmark, Bjart; Sommervoll, Dag Einar (Discussion Papers;No. 542, Working paper, 2008)
      Abstract: Linkage of different countries’ domestic permit markets for pollution rights into a single international market alters governments’ incentives, and may trigger adjustments of the number of allocated permits. ...

    • International emissions trading in a noncooperative climate policy game 

      Holtsmark, Bjart; Sommervoll, Dag Einar (Discussion papers;693, Working paper, 2012-06)
      Using a non cooperative climate policy game applied in the literature, we find that an agreement with international emissions trading leads to increased emissions and reduced efficiency.

    • International emissions trading with endogenous taxes 

      Godal, Odd; Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;No. 626, Working paper, 2010)
      Abstract: Motivated by the climate problem, this paper examines some effects of international cap & trade when national quotas result from strategic choice. In contrast to the fairly optimistic tone of closely related ...

    • Is the marginal cost of public funds equal to one? 

      Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Paper;No. 893, Working paper, 2019-01-08)
      In a recent article Bas Jacobs found that the marginal cost of public funds (MCF) is one when taxation gives second best resource allocation. This conclusion is based on a claim that there are certain shortcomings with ...

    • Mechanism design for refunding emissions payment 

      Hagem, Cathrine; Holtsmark, Bjart; Sterner, Thomas (Discussion papers;705, Working paper, 2012-09)
      We analyze two mechanism designs for refunding emission payments to polluting firms; Output Based (OB) and Expenditure Based (EB) refunding. In both instruments, emissions fees are returned to the polluting industry, ...

    • On the effects of linking voluntary cap-and-trade systems for CO2 emissions 

      Weitzman, Martin L.; Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;no. 883, Working paper, 2018-09-05)
      Linkage of cap-and-trade systems is typically advocated by economists on a general analogy with the beneficial linking of free-trade areas and on the specific grounds that linkage will ensure cost effectiveness among the ...

    • Optimal harvest age considering multiple carbon pools - a comment 

      Holtsmark, Bjart; Hoel, Michael; Holtsmark, Katinka (Discussion papers;704, Working paper, 2012-09)
      In two recent papers, Asante and Armstrong (2012) and Asante et al. (2011) considered the question of optimal harvest ages. They found that the larger are the initial pools of dead organic matter (DOM) and wood products, ...

    • Pareto-efficient climate agreements 

      Asheim, Geir B.; Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;No. 505, Working paper, 2007)
      Abstract: Recent contributions show that climate agreements with broad participation can be implemented as weakly renegotiation-proof equilibria in simple models of greenhouse gas abatement where each country has a binary ...

    • PPP-correction of the IPCC emission scenarios - does it matter? 

      Holtsmark, Bjart; Alfsen, Knut H. (Discussion Papers;No. 366, Working paper, 2004)
      Abstract: Ian Castles and David Henderson have criticized IPCC’s Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) (IPCC, 2000) for using market exchange rates (MER) instead of purchasing power parities (PPP) when converting ...

    • The costs of taxation in the presence of inequality 

      Valseth, Åsmund Sunde; Holtsmark, Bjart; Holtsmark, Katinka (Discussion papers;908, Working paper, 2019-06)
      This paper provides a new and improved measure of the marginal cost of public funds (MCF). It is based on a benchmark tax which is distributionally neutral and non-distortive. This is in contrast to the MCF-measure used ...

    • The Kyoto Protocol without USA and Australia - with the Russian Federation as a strategic permit seller 

      Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;No. 349, Working paper, 2003)
      Abstract: After the U.S. and Australian withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol, and the extension of national quotas in the Bonn- and Marrakesh-agreements, meager environmental effects and a low price of emission permits is ...

    • Use of wood fuels from boreal forests will create a biofuel carbon debt with long payback time 

      Holtsmark, Bjart (Discussion Papers;637, Working paper, 2010)
      Owing to the extensive critique of food-crop-based biofuels, attention and hopes have turned toward second-generation wood-based biofuels. An important question is therefore whether wood from boreal forests could serve as ...