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Effects of norms, warm-glow and time use on household recycling
(Discussion Papers;No. 389, Working paper, 2004)Abstract: The aim of this paper is to quantify the relative importance of motivations based on warm-glow, social and moral norms and cost of time used recycling on household recycling efforts. We also test for crowding-out ... -
Effects of policy on fertility: A systematic review of (quasi)experiments
(Discussion Paper;No. 922, Working paper, 2020-02)This paper describes the results of a systematic review of the literature of policy effects on fertility after 1970 in Europe, USA, Canada and Australia. Empirical studies were selected through extensive systematic searches, ... -
The effects of transport regulation on the oil market : does market power matter?
(Discussion papers;No. 629, Working paper, 2010)Abstract: Popular instruments to regulate consumption of oil in the transport sector include fuel taxes, biofuel requirements, and fuel efficiency. Their impacts on oil consumption and price vary. One important factor is ... -
Efficient spatial allocation of wind power plants given environmental externalities due to turbines and grids
(Discussion Paper;No. 938, Working paper, 2020-08)Negative environmental externalities associated with wind power plants depend on the physical characteristics of turbine installations and associated power lines and the geographical siting. We derive analytically an ... -
Efficient taxation of fuel and road use
(Discussion papers;905, Working paper, 2019-04)This study calculates efficient taxes on fuel and road use designed to combat driving related externalities. The study shows that the efficient road user charge on fuel is below the marginal mileage-related damage to prevent ... -
Electronic monitoring and recidivism. Quasi-experimental evidence from Norway
(Discussion Papers;No. 844, Working paper, 2016-08-26)The replacement of custodial with non-custodial sanctions holds the potential to reduce recidivism as well as other costs associated with imprisonment. However, the causal impacts on recidivism of non-custodial sanctions ... -
Emission pricing and CO2 compensation in the EU. The optimal compensation to the power-intensive and trade-exposed industries for increased electricity prices
(Discussion Paper;No. 1008, Working paper, 2023-10-26)Unilateral CO2 emission reduction can lead to carbon leakage, such as relocation of power-intensive and trade-exposed industries. In the EU emission trading system, these industries are also subjected to higher cost of ... -
Emission regulation: Prices, quantities and hybrids with endogenous technology choice
(Discussion Paper;No. 1003, Working paper, 2023-06)This paper examines the investment incentives of market-based regulation, with focus on the technology characteristics the different regulatory schemes tend to incentivize. The firms' technology choice is socially optimal ... -
Emission targets and coalition options for a small, ambitious country: An analysis of welfare costs and distributional impacts for Norway
(Discussion Paper;No. 956, Working paper, 2021-05)We theoretically and numerically analyse the impacts for a small, open country with carbon abatement ambitions of joining a coalition with allowance trading. Besides welfare impacts for both the coalition and the small, ... -
Emissions leakage and subsidies for pollution abatement. Pay the polluter or the supplier of the remedy?
(Discussion papers;708, Working paper, 2012-10)Asymmetric regulation of a global pollutant between countries can alter the competitiveness of industries and lead to emissions leakage. For most types of pollution, abatement technologies are available for firms to produce ... -
Emissions trading with offset markets and free quota allocations
(Discussion papers;719, Working paper, 2012-12)We study interactions between a “policy bloc’s” emissions quota market and an offset market where emissions offsets can be purchased from a non-policy “fringe” of countries (such as for the CDM under the Kyoto Protocol). ... -
Emissions trading with updated grandfathering : entry/exit considerations and distributional effects
(Discussion Papers;No. 546, Working paper, 2008)Abstract: Allocation of free emissions allowances may distort firms' incentives or have adverse distributional effects. Nevertheless, Böhringer and Lange (2005) show that in a closed emissions trading scheme with a fixed ... -
Empirical approaches for analysing consumption and labour supply in a life cycle perspective
(Discussion Paper;No. 95, Working paper, 1993-07)During the last decade several approaches for estimation of structural life cycle models of labour supply and consumption from micro data have been proposed. Ideally, estimation requires complete, individual, life cycle ... -
Empirical EDA Models to Fit and Project Time Series of Age-Specific Mortality Rates
(Discussion Paper;No. 50, Working paper, 1990-10)This paper illustrates an application of Exploratory Data Analysis methods to inspect, fit and project a time series of age-specific mortality rates. The analysis centers on Norwegian age-specific mortality rates covering ... -
Empirical errors and predicted errors in fertility, mortality and migration forecasts in the European economic area
(Discussion Papers;No. 386, Working paper, 2004)Abstract: We analyse empirical errors observed in historical population forecasts produced by statistical agencies in 14 European countries since 1950. The focus is on forecasts for three demographic variables: fertility ... -
An empirical life cycle model of savings, labour supply and consumption without intertemporal separability
(Discussion Paper;No. 96, Working paper, 1993-07)This paper formulates and estimates a structural life cycle model of married couples' labour supply and consumption of durables and non-durables. The purpose of this work has been to find a specification of this class of ... -
The empirical modelling of house prices and debt revisited: A policy-oriented perspective
(Discussion Paper;No. 967, Working paper, 2021-11)The recent boom in house prices in many countries during the Covid-19 pandemic and the possibility of household financial distress are of concern among some central banks. We revisit the empirical modelling of house prices ... -
Empirical modelling of internal migration and commuting flows for economic regions in Norway
(Discussion Paper;No. 966, Working paper, 2021-10)This paper provides empirical results for internal migration and commuting flows using panel data for 89 economic regions in Norway for the years 2001-2014. The emphasis is on the potential effects of different incentive ... -
Empirical patterns of firm growth and r&d investment: a quality ladder model interpretation
(Discussion Papers;No. 188, Working paper, 1997)We present a model of endogenous firm growth with R&D investment and innovation as the engine of growth. The objective of our analysis is to present a framework that can be used for microeconometric analysis of firm ... -
Encompassing tests for evaluating multi-step system forecasts invariant to linear transformations
(Discussion Papers;No. 871, Working paper, 2018-02-12)The paper suggests two encompassing tests for evaluating multi-step system forecasts invariant to linear transformations. An invariant measure for forecast accuracy is necessary as the conclusions otherwise can depend ...