Browsing Discussion Papers by Title
Now showing items 289-308 of 1002
-
Endogenous housing market cycles
(Discussion Papers;No. 458, Working paper, 2006)Abstract: Housing markets tend to display both positive serial correlation as well as a considerable volatility over time. We present a stochastic model illustrating the connection between adaptive expectations and ... -
Endogenous preferences and environmental policy
(Discussion Paper;No. 964, Working paper, 2021-10)This paper investigates environmental policy in the presence of endogenous preferences. The optimal time trajectory is achieved if and only if the consumer is perfectly time-consistent. The suboptimal trajectories do not ... -
Energy flexibility and technological progress with multioutput production : application on Norwegian pulp and paper industries
(Discussion Papers;No. 318, Working paper, 2002)Abstract: We analyse the energy flexibility and technological change in the pulp and paper industry by applying a multioutput production function. The pulp and paper industry mostly consists of heterogeneous firms. They ... -
Energy price changes, and induced scrapping and revaluation of capital a putty clay approach
(Discussion Papers;No. 16, Working paper, 1986-09-15)The paper presents a framework for analyzing the effect of unanticipated energy price changes on the firms' plans for scrapping of capital and on the induced changes in the value of capital. A putty-clay vintage model with ... -
Energy taxation in a small, open economy : efficiency gains under political restraints
(Discussion Papers;No. 387, Working paper, 2004)Abstract: Welfare analyses of energy taxes typically show that systems with uniform rates perform better than differentiated systems, especially if revenue increases can be recycled via cuts in more distortionary taxes. ... -
Engel elasticities, pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation and bootstrapped standard errors : a case study
(Discussion Papers;No. 532, Working paper, 2008)Abstract: Estimation of standard errors of Engel elasticities within the framework of a linear structural model formulated on two-wave panel data is considered. The complete demand system is characterized by measurement ... -
Engel functions, panel data and latent variables
(Discussion Paper;No. 41, Working paper, 1988-12)A system of consumer expenditure functions is estimated from Norwegian household budget data. Specific features o f our approach are: (I) Panel data on individual households are used, which offer far richer opportunities ... -
Engel functions, panel data, and latent variables - with Detailed Results
(Discussion Paper;No. 89, Working paper, 1993-06)A system of consumer expenditure functions is estimated from Norwegian household budget data. Specific features of the approach are: (i) Panel data from individual households are used, which offer far richer opportunities ... -
Entry into work following childbirth among mothers in Norway. Recent trends and variation
(Discussion papers;702, Working paper, 2012-09)Universal parental leaves with job protection and earnings compensation increase women’s attachment to the labour market, but very long leaves may have negative consequences both at the individual and the societal level. ... -
Environmental indicators
(Discussion Paper;No. 71, Working paper, 1992-04)The report discusses possible logical structures and content of a set of environmental indicators for Norway. The emphasis is on structure; proposals for specific indicators and data presented are of a more preliminary nature. -
Environmental risk and the precautionary principle. “Late lessons from early warnings” applied to genetically modified plants
(Discussion Papers;No. 398, Working paper, 2004)Abstract: The environmental risk associated with genetically modified organisms (GMO) implies that new approaches to risk assessment, risk management and risk communication are needed. In this paper we discuss the role ... -
Environmental tax reform and producer foresight : an intertemporal computable general equilibrium analysis
(Discussion Papers;No. 185, Working paper, 1996)This paper analyses the non-environmental welfare costs of an environmental tax reform using a numerical intertemporal general equilibrium model for the Norwegian economy. The tax reform is revenue neutral such that an ... -
EPA's new emissions trading mechanism : a laboratory evaluation : a comment
(Discussion Papers;No. 213, Working paper, 1998)In the US tradable SO2 permit scheme 97.2 per cent of the permits are grandfathered annually to electricity utilities. The remaining 2.8 per cent are withheld and offered for sale at the Environmental Protection Agency ... -
Equal predictability test for multi-step-ahead system forecasts invariant to linear transformations
(Discussion Paper;No. 931, Working paper, 2020-05)The paper derives a test for equal predictability of multi-step-ahead system forecasts that is invariant to linear transformations. The test is a multivariate version of the Diebold-Mariano test. An invariant metric for ... -
Equality of opportunity versus equality of outcome in analysing optimal income taxation : empirical evidence based on Italian data
(Discussion Papers;No. 307, Working paper, 2001)Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce and adopt a generalised version of Roemer's (1998) Equality of Opportunity (EOp) framework for analysing optimal income taxation. EOp optimal tax rules seek to equalise ... -
Equity versus efficiency in public pension schemes. Microsimulating the trade-off
(Discussion Papers;No. 515, Working paper, 2007)Abstract: Any contribution to a pay-as-you-go pension system may be considered mandatory savings to the extent that it gives a claim to a future benefit. Contributors to the economic literature have argued that an ... -
Errors in Variables and Panel Data: The Labour Demand Response to Permanent changes in Output
(Discussion papers;125, Working paper, 1994-08)This paper examines panel data modelling with latent variables in analyzing log-linear relations between inputs and output of firms. Our particular focus is on (i) the "increasing returns to scale puzzle" for labour input ... -
Escaping the resource curse and the Dutch Disease? : when and why Norway caught up with and forged ahead of its neighbors
(Discussion Papers;No. 377, Working paper, 2004)Abstract: In the 1960s, Norway lagged behind its Scandinavian neighbors in the aggregate value of economic production per capita, as it had for decades. By the 1990s, Norway had caught up with and forged ahead of Denmark ... -
Estimating and restricting growth rates and cointegrationmeans : with applications to consumption and money demand
(Discussion Papers;No. 309, Working paper, 2001)Abstract: The parameters in the cointegration vector and the loading parameters are not the only interesting parameters in a vector cointegration model. With a reformulation of the model the intercept parameters can be ... -
Estimating change in a proportion by combining measurements from a true and a fallible classifier
(Discussion Paper;No. 30, Working paper, 1988-03)Consider a binary classification of a large population at two points in time. The classification is observed with error for the whole population using a fallible classifier and without error for a random sample using an ...